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Chimpanzee – Draft

Nick Lehane: Chimpanzee

January 22-24, 2022

Presented by Instituto Cervantes Chicago & Chicago Puppet Fest

Nick Lehane’s hour-long tabletop puppet play, Chimpanzee, was performed at the 4th Chicago International Puppet Theater Festival. It played at Instituto Cervantes of Chicago from January 22nd-24th, 2022. On this page you will find resources related to the inspiration, programming, and academic inquiry into this work.

Scholarship and Resources

Festival Review of January 22, 2022 Performance of Chimpanzee

“It’s long been a scientific taboo to endow animals with human emotion but if we do not, we risk missing something fundamental about both animals and us.”

- Frans de Waal (quote supplied by Nick Lehane at the Ellen Van Volkenburg Symposium)

by John Doe

Nick Lehane’s Chimpanzee is a heartbreaking exploration of anthropomorphism: our double-sided desire to endow nonhumans with human qualities and to take those endowments away. Chimpanzee follows a “lifetime in the mind of a chimpanzee” over the course of an hour. And specifically, the lifetime of a chimpanzee who was once a part of cross-fostering experiment but is now caged in a testing facility—a real historical phenomenon in the 1960s and 70s which saw several chimps raised among human families, only to be surgically experimented on as a part of pathogen studies once these cross-fostering experiments ended. Lehane masterfully uses the puppetry medium—specifically that of tabletop puppetry, a technique derived from the Japanese tradition of Bunraku—to tell the story of a chimpanzee, confined to a cage, whose torment is interrupted by memories of his foster home.

Lehane uses the medium specificity of table-top puppetry to great effect. The limited, confined space of the table becomes the chimp’s cage, using the claustrophobia inherent to table-top puppetry—a feature that can often be an obstacle for puppeteers trying to maneuver three bodies around a single object—to great dramaturgical effect. However, the chimp also enters into a dreamscape—one where the table becomes a laundry room, a tree in the front yard, a child’s playroom. The chimp’s imaginative escapes never fully transcend the confined space of the table, however; rather they provide a brief moment of relief where we all forget it’s there. 

This is not the only way Lehane seamlessly incorporates rather the affective dimensions inherent to table-top puppetry. Without demanding the puppeteers either play explicit dramatic roles (which often feels clunky and competes with the puppetry itself) or serve as cheap metaphors (the puppeteer as God being one of my least favorite), Lehane uses their presence to augment the emotional stakes of his piece. Bunraku—and three-person puppet manipulation in general—offers occasion to inhabit what queer theorist Eve Sedgewick calls “the middle ranges of agency.” 1 While watching a Bunraku production of The Odyssey by Handspring Puppet Company, Sedgewick is struck by how the puppeteers’ control over the puppet is simultaneously dependent on tender devotion. For Sedgewick, the puppeteers inhabit both these affective orientations—one of dominance and one of devotion—at the same time, providing a model for her (in her psychoanalytic idiom) for how to engage both influence over and susceptibility to the world without either annihilating it, or allowing it to annihilate you. 

Lehane takes this affective dimension of Bunraku one step further; while he gestures at the possibility of finding the “just right” orientation in between these two extremes of agency, he brutally activates for us the all-too-easy slippage in either direction. 

This binary itself—between absolute control and absolute passivity—is a human-made problem. If, as Lehane teaches us, the chimp, “straddles the human and the nonhuman” and can be both “part of the human realm” and made to be a “disposable object,” it is the human that traps him in this liminal space. Lehane lures us into forgetting the puppeteers are there—a credit to his collaborators, Rowan Magee, Andy Manjuck, and Emma Wiseman—allowing us to immerse ourselves in the chimp’s internal world, bathed in soft light such that the puppeteers recede unseen into the darkness. However, the puppeteers assert their influence at select moments, pulling focus ever so slightly by taking away a play toy or tucking the chimp into bed. When the chimp is caged under the harsh florescent light of the testing facility, the puppeteers become the bars of the cage as the chimp shakes them and clammers in desperate hope for freedom. The puppeteers recoil at his blows. They pin him down in his fit of rage, forcefully willing him into submission. Tender devotion becomes violent dominance so fluidly that we almost miss the shift between them. And then the puppeteers recede again, obscuring their role in the chimp puppet’s anthropomorphism and his subsequent dehumanization. In so doing, Lehane allows us to fully believe in the life of the chimp while refusing to let us forget who ultimately determines the conditions of that life.

If, as the above epitaph suggests, we risk missing something if we refuse to endow animals with human emotion, perhaps what we risk missing is not only the best of human impulses—to see ourselves in others—but also the worst—to believe that what we recognize as “ourselves” somehow belongs to us; that our “humanity” is both ours to give and to take away. This brings me to my final point which is that Chimpanzee—as any puppet show about an ape must do—nods at a parallel history of human objectification: that of American slavery and the minstrel show, both of which not only reduced humans to objects, but used ape imagery to do so, often through animated objects. In fact, American puppetry still reproduces such iconography today. 2  Chimpanzee negotiates this living history. During one of the chimp’s reminiscences, we watch him open a toy chest to discover two figurines: one, a mechanical monkey and the other, a white baby doll. The chimp first pulls out the mechanical monkey—an echo of what is known as “Sambo art,” which derives its aesthetics from the minstrel show, for instance, the Monkey Organ Grinder and “Jocko the Ape Negro,” dressed in his bell hop uniform. 3 The monkey toy gives out a muted roar when the chimp shakes it—a noise he finds displeasing so he shuts the monkey away in the box and pushes it away. The chimp then begins playing with the white baby doll, stroking its head and eventually cradling it in his arms. The chimp thus reflects back to us the double-sided impulse of anthropomorphism: the one that endows humanity to those we want to have it—the white child—and takes it away from those we would deny it to—the objectified other.  


1   Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky. “The Weather in Proust.” The Weather in Proust, edited by Jonathan. Goldberg, Duke University Press, 2012, 20.

2   For instance, the logo for the world’s largest ventriloquist convention in Erlanger, Kentucky is “Jacko,” an ape dressed in a bell hop costume, the beloved dummy of W.S. Berger, who founded the convention as well as its museum. “Jacko” is a derivative of Jocko or the “ape negro,” who was a stock character that appeared in countless pantomimes, dramas, minstrel shows and freak shows in the 19th century. The museum displays Jacko, the dummy, in front of a photograph of Berger with his entourage of figures where we see image of Jacko’s forbearer: Jacko the black-face dummy. “Vent Haven Museum–the World’s Only Museum of Ventriloquism.” Venthaven, 2020, https://www.venthaven.org.

3   See: Brown, Bill. “Reification, Reanimation, and the American Uncanny (Spike Lee).” Other Things, The University of Chicago Press, 2019, pp. 245–69. Irelan, Scott R. “White Rebels, ‘Ape Negroes’ and Savage Indians: The Racial Poetics of National Unify in Harry Watkins’s The Pioneer Patriot (1858).” Enacting Nationhood: Identity, Ideology and the Theatre, 1855-99, Cambridge Scholars Pub., 2014, 19.

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Play Video

View Nick Lehane’s presentation above or watch full symposium on Howlround.

Nick Lehane at the Ellen Van Volkenburg Symposium

On Saturday, January 22, 2022, Nick Lehane was a speaker at The Ellen Van Volkenburg Puppetry Symposium session entitled “Staging the Non-Human Character; Animal, Alien, or Architecture.”

The event was co-hosted by The Chicago International Puppet Theater Festival and The School of the Art Institute of Chicago, moderated by Dr. Paulette Richards, and held online through Howlround.

Transcript of Nick's Presentation

Good morning, all. My name is Nick Lehane. It is such a pleasure and an honor to be with you today, albeit digitally. I wish our time could be in person, but I am grateful that this virtual medium makes this talk more accessible. I am going to assume that on the other side of this screen, is some combination of professional puppeteers and diehard puppetry fans, as well as folks who may have never seen a puppet show. So, first of all, what exactly is puppetry?

Puppetry is the use of movement to bring objects to life in the mind of an audience. It’s a broad umbrella term, like dance or music, that encompasses a wide range of traditions and styles and historic functions. There is archaeological evidence that suggests puppets may predate human actors in theater. There are puppets described in the writings of Plato and Aristotle. There are written records of shadow puppetry dating back 3000 years in China, of string puppets 5000 years ago Egypt, the giant puppets used in contemporary Carnival and Mardi Gras celebrations have their roots are not only in medieval European pageantry, but also the habitable statues found in central Africa where manipulators work from within the interior of gigantic figures. There are puppets described in the sacred Hindu text, the Mahabharata. There are dolls with poseable thumbs and fingers used in funerary rights in Pre-columbian central Mexico. The list goes on and on. This ubiquity of puppet and puppet adjacent activities across continents and cultures suggest that our earliest human ancestors shared this strange impulse to animate the inanimate.

And perhaps, more controversially, this impulse appears to have been shared by our pre-human ancestors as well. The peer-reviewed journal Current Biology published in 2010 observations of infant chimpanzees in the wild, caring for sticks and rocks, in ways that appeared similar to the ways human children care for dolls. Puppets indeed come from a very early time, historically. Puppets also reflect a very early time in humans developmentally. They are linked to our early childhood impulses to play, and to what the British psychoanalyst DW Winnecott called transitional objects, like blankies and teddy bears. The first “not me” possessions of the child. And this space between subject and object, between “me” and “not me,” is one of the many ways in which puppets exist between worlds. They are able to live in and bridge gaps. They hover at a threshold– a threshold of the subject and the object, of waking and dreaming, of the conscious and the unconscious, of the sacred and the profane, of the religious and the secular, and germane to this talk, the human and the not human.

In the 1960’s and 70’s, there were a series of experiments in the US where Chimpanzees were raised as children in human homes. They were called cross-fostering experiments, and they are conducted to see how much human language these chimps would acquire, and more broadly, how human they would become. The chimps were raised with American Sign Language, and they learned hundreds of signs. They had access to human toys and picture books, which they would play with much the way human children play. They bonded with their human parents and their siblings, eating meals with their human families at the dinner table. Many enjoyed human so-called “vices” like alcohol and tobacco. One was baptized. And when these chimps matured, they became too powerful or sexual for their humans to handle. Or when funding for these cross-fostering experiments dried up, some of these chimps went on to live as test subjects in a radically different area of scientific research. Pathogen Studies, performed in biomedical facilities. And many were infected with Hepatitis C or HIV, or they underwent surgical procedures to study and change their brains. Most of these chimps were completely physically isolated from all other chimpanzees and humans, locked away with no natural light. The standard cage in a biomedical facility is 5×5 feet. And hundreds of chimpanzees remain warehoused in labs to this day.

I am struck by these stories. Because chimpanzees are, as you probably know, the nonhuman animal closest to humans genetically. And cross fostered chimpanzees are the most culturally human chimps. So that makes these chimps as close as possible to the divide we’ve constructed between human and not human. They straddle the world between us and them. Hovering right in this liminal space between the two. In a single lifetime, some of these chimps experienced inclusion in the sphere of our concern. They were part of the human family. Literally, and metaphorically. And then total exclusion– relegated to the realm of disposable objects. They pass between the container of the suburban family home to the container of the cage. And so, moved by these stories and ideas, and with a team of brilliant collaborators and literally years of support from various artist residencies, and the unwavering support of the Jim Henson Foundation and Cheryl Henson, I created a puppet play called Chimpanzee. And Chimpanzee the play is an hour in a theater, a day in a biomedical facility, and a lifetime in the mind of a chimpanzee. I would like to share excerpts of the piece now. It is about five-minutes long, and it comes towards the beginning of the piece.

(5 minute excerpt of Chimpanzee)

Chimpanzee premiered in New York City in 2019. Thanks to Basil Twist’s HERE Music Puppetry Program. During the run, I met one of the folks who was raised alongside chimpanzees. His name is Joshua Fouts. He is the son of Roger Fouts, the primatologist who wrote the book that originally inspired this project – Next of Kin: My Conversations with Chimpanzees. And Joshua put us in touch with Dr. Mary Lee Jensvold who runs the Fauna Foundation, a chimpanzee sanctuary in Montréal that cares for chimpanzees who have been retired from research facilities. They strive to give these retired chimps as peaceful, supported, and independent an existence as possible, given their circumstances. And it’s not a zoo. So it’s not open to the general public. And when we toured chimpanzee in Montréal, my collaborators and I were given special permission to visit, and many of these chimps had lived lives that directly paralleled the lives of our protagonist. Some of them I had already read about in my research. The show was based on some of these beings. One chimpanzee, named Rachel, was clutching a small stuffed gorilla which she cared for. And Rachel’s nails were painted because it was one of her favorite pastimes. Rachel was on antipsychotic drugs because of the self harm she would inflict as a result of what Dr. Jensvold described as PTSD. I wasn’t familiar with Rachel’s story in particular because she hadn’t been raised in the chimp language experiment, but she had been raised by a human being who considered Rachel her daughter. Until, like so many chimps like her, she grew up and was purchased by a lab, where she spent decades in isolation.

And I think puppetry is a powerful medium to tell these stories because the power of puppetry at its core is the power of empathy. Breaking down and problematizing the barriers and rigid thinking that divides us and them gives us a chance to cross the threshold into another’s experience. Just to follow along with the puppet show, to know what a puppet’s thinking, or feeling, is a massive empathetic leap. And saliently, it is an automatic, largely effortless one. And I think this says something really profound about us– That we can see the world through another being’s eyes by offering our attention. By breathing along with another. Thanks for listening.

Tabletop Puppetry (Contemporary)

The following excerpt is from the “Tabletop Puppetry” article from the World Encyclopedia of Puppetry Arts

Tabletop (or table-top) is a relatively recent term and is part of an attempt to find terminology for ways of using puppets that either did not exist in the past or had no specific label. In Europe the two immediately familiar labels were marionette or string puppet (worked from above) and glove puppet (worked from below).

The use of the term “tabletop” followed the discovery and adaptation of the Japanese Bunraku, or strictly speaking [ningyō jōruri], in other countries, and notably in Europe and America. Bunraku presents a type of puppetry in which the operators are visible and the puppet is generally held in front of them at roughly waist height. Another important feature of the Bunraku theatre is the close contact between the operator and the puppet. The tabletop puppet evolved as a simplified version of the Bunraku, and also of some Chinese techniques where puppets are controlled directly with iron rods by a player standing behind. The term “tabletop” is used because the “stage” or playing space is generally about the height of a table, and the performer(s) stand behind it.

Unlike the Bunraku, the contemporary European/Western tabletop puppet is generally rather small – seldom more than 30 centimetres. The controls usually consist of a small rod to the back of the head and short rods to each arm. Sometimes the head rod also has a small trigger mechanism that allows the head to tilt. Quite often puppeteers prefer not to have arm rods, but to work the arms directly by holding them with their own hands. The directness of contact between the performer and the puppet has many of the advantages of the glove puppet.  

The tabletop puppet may be fully articulated, but many players also use more rigid figures, more like an action-man doll, that, according to the needs of a narrative, can be arranged and rearranged in different postures and positions on the stage but not actually animated.

In most cases the puppet appears on a bare platform with just the necessary props, but some puppeteers still retain the proscenium arch and curtain. In this situation it is not uncommon to see tabletop figures combined with the techniques of [black theatre]. In a less illusionistic situation, the performer is not necessarily hidden but focused lighting may make the audience concentrate entirely on the puppet. Tabletop puppetry lends itself exceptionally well to the story-telling mode, and in that situation the visible puppeteer frequently engages with the puppet as part of the show. This is particularly true of solo performers and is often seen in children’s shows. However, quite elaborate productions have also been embarked on by such companies as the French Vélo Théâtre with their Enveloppes et Déballages (Wrapping and Unwrapping), in which there is no table as such. In this production a postman arrives on his bicycle with some very large cardboard boxes which then open out to create a complete landscape, including a volcano, into which are introduced a variety of tabletop puppets combined with an extensive and imaginative use of props and various objects. Vélo Théâtre describe themselves as performing “[object theatre]”, not “tabletop theatre”. Both definitions are appropriate in this case. The question is merely how far the tabletop puppet should be defined by the physical position of the performer in relation to the figures or objects being used, or how far it should be seen as a small and simplified version of a Bunraku figure.

Hungarian performer Andras Lenart in his show Mikropodium has perfected the art of the tabletop puppet and created a classic with his minute but exquisitely crafted figures operated from behind by a very precise system of rod controls. One of his most popular acts is an extremely delicate ballerina.

Other examples of tabletop or “equiplane” puppetry
In his film, The Gold Rush (1925), Charlie Chaplin suggests the performance of a ballerina on a table by putting two bread rolls on the end of two forks, representing her legs, which dance a polka. Here, the magic of puppetry is wonderfully displayed. Each movement and gesture is so precise that our imagination effaces the forks, the two bread rolls, and Charlie Chaplin’s head and substitutes a whole dancer.

The “tabletop” style of performance can be said to be the most employed by contemporary puppeteers, usually with the performer(s) in view behind or at the side of the action, which may not include a table as such, and with the figures controlled by rods, hands, strings or newly invented mechanisms.

Many contemporary puppeteers are drawn to the tabletop stage device. Théâtre de l’Arc-en-Terre of [Massimo Schuster], with the extraordinary puppets built by [Enrico Baj] from pieces of Meccano (metal building shapes for miniature building projects), staged a tabletop production of Ubu roi (King [Ubu]) in this manner. [Théâtre Manarf] stages shows with all kinds of objects, pieces of cloth, string and cardboard. Also in France there is [Jean-Pierre Lescot]’s Monsieur Clément ou la Bonne Humeur des Coquillages (Mr Clement, or the Cheerfulness of the Shellfish). The [Houdart-Heuclin] company’s version of Dom Juan, in which chess pieces made of metal and transparent resin made by Yann Liébard to represent Molière’s characters, glide on a luminous chessboard by means of horizontal rods. There is the theatre Le Manteau of [Bjorn Fühler] with Le Cirque (The Circus). There are also Charlot Lemoine’s Vélo-Théâtre and [Hubert Japelle] …Roger Wallet had adapted a text written by Françoise Xenakis recounting a suicide. The stage shows a round bistro table, brightly lit, onto which a packet of tobacco, cigarette papers, and a rolling machine are placed. Hidden in the dark, the puppeteer recites, slowly turning a crank. The cigarette is rolled, “born”, on the table and becomes the character …Inspired by William Shakespeare’s The Tempest, [Little Angel Theatre], in association with The Royal Shakespeare Company, presented The Magicians’ Daughter; while this company’s Alice in Wonderland is a tabletop puppetry musical. Among other British tabletop puppetry productions [Polka Children’s Theatre], in collaboration with Little Angel Theatre, produced Moominsummer Madness …In the United States [Basil Twist] created his tabletop production of Petrushka. Inkfish Theatre, founded in New York City in 2004 by Michael Kelly, Alissa Mello and Brian Snapp, adapted Nikolai Gogol’s The Nose (2005) into their adult production that employs tabletop puppetry …

Festival Performances

About the Festival 2022 Performance, Credits and Reviews

About the Performance

Instituto Cervantes Chicago & Chicago Puppet Fest present:

Chimpanzee

January 22-24, 2022
Instituto Cervantes of Chicago
31 W. Ohio St., Chicago, IL

From award-winning, Brooklyn-based puppet artist and theater maker, Nick Lehane, comes the heartfelt, poignant, and stranger-than-fiction story of a chimpanzee raised as a child in a human home in a cross-fostering experiment conducted in the United States. An exquisite bunraku style puppetry performance breathes in life and illuminates the need for humanity.

Credits

Created and Directed by Nick Lehane

Puppeteers: Rowan Magee, Andy Manjuck, and Emma Wiseman

Lighting Designer and Associate Set Designer: Marika Kent

Associate Lighting Designer: Ayumu “Poe” Saegusa

Sound Designer: Kate Marvin

Associate Sound Designer: Avery Orvis

Puppet and Set Designer: Nick Lehane

Chimpanzee was made possible by HERE Arts Center’s Dream Music Puppetry Program, The Jim Henson Foundation and Cheryl Henson

Reviews

People are Hungry for Puppetry” by Neil Steinberg, Chicago SunTimes 

Philosophical ‘Pooh’ will be just what we need in March by Julian J. Frazin, Chicago Daily Law Bulletin

Now in Chicago by Kacie Whitman in Chicago Magazine

Catch Your Breath by Ted C. Fishman in New City

The Fall Living Room Tour

The fall prior to the 2022 Festival, Chimpanzee played the Fall Living Room Tour along with Cabinet of Curiosity and Vanessa Valliere at the following homes:

  • Jes & Leesa Sherborne at their home, a gracious 1870’s lakefront residence, renovated in the 1930’s to the Italianate Victorian style.
  • Hosted by Cheryl Lynn Bruce & Kerry James Marshall at their home, a surprisingly contemporary and totally rebuilt 1883 Victorian in the heart of Chicago’s historic Bronzeville neighborhood.
  • Hosted at Manual Cinema at their new studio; originally a machine shop, now a refurbished, heavy timber industrial building, home to Chicago’s shadow puppetry masters and recent Candyman film collaborators. Co-hosted by Kim Ohms & Joe Novelli, Jordan Shields & Sarah Donovan


Enjoy images and video from their appearance at the home of Cheryl Lynn Bruce & Kerry  James Marshall. Thanks to Sandra and Michael Perlow for providing special support for the Living Room Tour.

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Images/Video Gallery - 2022 Festival Performance and Neighborhood Tour

Photo by Nick Zoulek

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Photo by Nick Zoulek

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Past Performances and Further Reading

Past Reviews/Articles

Images/Video Gallery - Past Performances

Photo by Richard Termine

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Chimpanzee, photo Richard Termine
Photo by Richard Termine

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